Carboxymethyl Bletilla striata polysaccharide-chitosan@curcumin polyelectrolyte complex films: Preparation and characterization / 中草药

Objective: To prepare carboxymethyl Bletilla striata polysaccharide-chitosan@curcumin (CM-BSP) polyelectrolyte complex films, optimize their preparation technology, and evaluate its quality. Methods: CM-BSP was synthesized, then CM-BSP and CS formed water-insoluble complex by electrostatic bonding, the Cur-loaded polyelectrolyte complex films were prepared by a volatilization of solvent method. The formulation and preparation technology were optimized using an orthogonal design method and the morphology and structure were observed by scanning electron microscopy and fourier transform microscopic infrared spectroscopy. Results: The optimal prescription was of CM-BSP 117 mg, CS 233 mg, glycerol 25%, Cur 20 mg. The mean thickness of Cur-loaded polyelectrolyte complex films was (74.0 ± 2.0) μm, drug loading capacities was 95.41%, and in vitro release rate was 93.78%. Conclusion: The obtained polyelectrolyte complex films displayed an smooth exterior inspection, uniform distribution, good drug loading capacities and in vitro release rate.

Protective effects of flavonoids from Gynostemma pentaphyllum on oxidative damage in LLC-PK1 cells / 中国中药杂志

Four flavonoids were isolated from Gynostemma pentaphyllum by chromatography methods and their structures were identified by MS and NMR spectra data as quercetin-3-O-( 2″,6″-di-α-L-rhamnosyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside( 1),quercetin-3-O-( 2″,6″-di-α-L-rhamnosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside( 2),quercetin-3-O-( 2″-α-L-rhamnosyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside( 3),and quercetin-3-O-( 2″-α-L-rhamnosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside( 4). Among them,compounds 1-3 were obtained from the Cucurbitaceae family for the first time.The four flavonoids showed potent antioxidant effects against the DPPH,·OH and ■radicals in vitro,especially for DPPH radical scavenging activity with the IC50 values of 71. 4,29. 5,48. 3 and 79. 2 μmol·L~(-1),respectively. Moreover,the four flavonoids displayed strong cytoprotection against AAPH-induced oxidative damage in LLC-PK1 cells by suppressing the increase of malondialdehyde( MDA) and the decrease of the superoxide dismutase( SOD) and glutathione( GSH). Since further research is needed to prove its efficacy in vivo and clinical trial,the study may provide four potential antioxidants from G. pentaphyllum.

Melatonin Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride in Rats via Inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad Signaling Pathway / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

Melatonin has been reported to inhibit hepatic fibrosis and the mechanism may be correlated to its anti-oxidant effect.Nevertheless,the mechanism is not completely identified.This study was conducted to investigate the effects of melatonin on TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway in liver fibrosis in rats.The liver fibrosis model was made by the subcutaneous injection of CCl4.The liver pathology changes were detected using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and Van Gieson (VG) staining.Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities were measured with an autoanalyzer.Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroxyproline (Hyp) in liver were evaluated by spectrophotometry.Expression levels of TGF-β1,Smad2/3,phosphorylated Smad2/3 (p-Smad2/3) and Smad7 in liver were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis.Results showed that melatonin suppressed CC14-induced liver fibrosis,along with an improvement in histological changes,significant decreases in pathologic grading sores and obvious decreases in Hyp levels in liver.Melatonin improved liver function indicated by decreased serum ALT and AST activities.In addition,melatonin exerted its anti-oxidant effects,as supported by decreased MDA levels and increased GPx activities in liver.Furthermore,melatonin inhibited TGF-β1/Smad pathway,as evidenced by decreased TGF-β1,Smad2/3 and p-Smad2/3 expression and increased Smad7 expression in liver.In conclusion,melatonin may suppress CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats via inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad pathway.It is possible for melatonin to be a potential reagent to treat and cure liver fibrosis.

Melatonin Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride in Rats via Inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad Signaling Pathway / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

Melatonin has been reported to inhibit hepatic fibrosis and the mechanism may be correlated to its anti-oxidant effect.Nevertheless,the mechanism is not completely identified.This study was conducted to investigate the effects of melatonin on TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway in liver fibrosis in rats.The liver fibrosis model was made by the subcutaneous injection of CCl4.The liver pathology changes were detected using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and Van Gieson (VG) staining.Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities were measured with an autoanalyzer.Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroxyproline (Hyp) in liver were evaluated by spectrophotometry.Expression levels of TGF-β1,Smad2/3,phosphorylated Smad2/3 (p-Smad2/3) and Smad7 in liver were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis.Results showed that melatonin suppressed CC14-induced liver fibrosis,along with an improvement in histological changes,significant decreases in pathologic grading sores and obvious decreases in Hyp levels in liver.Melatonin improved liver function indicated by decreased serum ALT and AST activities.In addition,melatonin exerted its anti-oxidant effects,as supported by decreased MDA levels and increased GPx activities in liver.Furthermore,melatonin inhibited TGF-β1/Smad pathway,as evidenced by decreased TGF-β1,Smad2/3 and p-Smad2/3 expression and increased Smad7 expression in liver.In conclusion,melatonin may suppress CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats via inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad pathway.It is possible for melatonin to be a potential reagent to treat and cure liver fibrosis.

Effects of flavonoids from Gynostemma pentaphyllum on A549 cells damaged by hydrogen peroxide / 中国中药杂志

This study focuses on the therapeutical effect of flavonoids from Gynostemma pentaphyllum on human lung carcinoma A549 cells induced by H₂O₂ oxidative stress and its possible mechanisms. The oxidative damage model was established using different concentrations H₂O₂ to induce A549 cell for different hours, and then treated with the flavonoids for 10 hours. The effects of flavonoids from G. pentaphyllum on cell viability of A549 cell damaged by H₂O₂ were detected by MTT assay. The contents of ROS were detected by DCFH-DA fluorescent probe method via flow cytometer. The contents of MDA, SOD and GSH were detected by TBA，NBT and DTNB-linked colorimetry assay, respectively. Expressions levels of Nrf2, NQO1 and HO-1 in A549 cells were evaluated by Western blot. The results showed that the cell activity was decreasing with the rise of H₂O₂ concentration within the range of 200-700 μmol·L⁻¹. The cell viability was 60.4% after treated with 500 μmol·L⁻¹H₂O₂ for 10 h, so it was chosen to be as an oxidant stress model. Compared with normal group，the contents of SOD, GSH and HO-1 expressions were lower after damaged with H₂O₂. On the contrary, the contents of ROS and MDA expressions were increased. Compared with model group, the contents of SOD, GSH and the expressions of Nrf2, NQO1 and HO-1 were increased after treated with flavonoids from G. pentaphyllum. The above results demonstrate that flavonoids from G. pentaphyllum may attenuate the effect of H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress on A549 cell by resisting oxidation. The finding may provide a biological evidence for the application of the G. pentaphyllum to fight the oxidative stress related diseases.

Triptolide reduces prostate size and androgen level on testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in Sprague Dawley rats / 中国天然药物

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an age-related disease of unknown etiology, characterized by prostatic enlargement coincident with distinct alterations in tissue histology. In the present study, we investigated whether triptolide can prevent testosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Castration was performed via the scrotal route after urethane aesthesia. BPH was induced in experimental groups by daily subcutaneous injections of testosterone propionate (TP) for two weeks. Triptolide was administered daily by oral gavage at a dose of 100 and 50 μg·kg for 2 weeks, along with the TP injections. On day 14, the animals were humanely killed by cervical dislocation after aesthesia. Prostates were excised, weighed, and used for histological studies. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels in serum and prostate were measured. The results showed that triptolide significantly reduced the prostate weight, and the testosterone and DHT levels in both the serum and prostate. Histopathological examination also showed that triptolide treatment suppressed TP-induced prostatic hyperplasia. In conclusion, triptolide effectively inhibits the development of BPH induced by testosterone in a rat model.

Pleurotus nebrodensis polysaccharide (PN-S) enhances the immunity of immunosuppressed mice / 中国天然药物

In the present study, the effects of Pleurotus nebrodensis polysaccharide (PN-S) on the immune functions of immunosuppressed mice were determined. The immunosuppressed mouse model was established by treating the mice with cyclophosphamide (40 mg/kg/2d, CY) through intraperitoneal injection. The results showed that PN-S administration significantly reversed the CY-induced weight loss, increased the thymic and splenic indices, and promoted proliferation of T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte, and macrophages. PN-S also enhanced the activity of natural killer cells and increased the immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in the serum. In addition, PN-S treatment significantly increased the phagocytic activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages. PN-S also increased the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (INF-γ), and nitric oxide (NOS) in splenocytes. qRT-PCR results also indicated that PN-S increased the mRNA expression of IL-6, TNF-α, INF-γ, and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the splenocytes. These results suggest that PN-S treatment enhances the immune function of immunosuppressed mice. This study may provide a basis for the application of this fungus in adjacent immunopotentiating therapy against cancer and in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression.

The polysaccharide isolated from Pleurotus nebrodensis (PN-S) shows immune-stimulating activity in RAW264.7 macrophages / 中国天然药物

A novel Pleurotus nebrodensis polysaccharide (PN-S) was purified and characterized, and its immune-stimulating activity was evaluated in RAW264.7 macrophages. PN-S induced the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner, as determined by the MTT assay. After exposure to PN-S, the phagocytosis of the macrophages was significantly improved, with remarkable changes in morphology being observed. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that PN-S promoted RAW264.7 cells to progress through S and G2/M phases. PN-S treatment enhanced the productions of interleukin-6 (IL-6), nitric oxide (NO), interferon gamma (INF-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the macrophages, with up-regulation of mRNA expressions of interleukin-6 (IL-6), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interferon gamma(INF-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) being observed in a dose-dependent manner, as measured by qRT-PCR. In conclusion, these results suggest that the purified PN-S can improve immunity by activating macrophages.

Pharmacokinetic study on combined application of gastrodin and puerarin in rats / 中国中药杂志

To establish a HPLC method for simultaneously determining plasma concentrations of gastrodin (Gas) and its metabolites hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA), puerarin (Pur) and internal standard (IS) p-hydroxyphenylethanol (Tyr) in rats and studying the pharmacokinetic process and interactions of gastrodin and puerarin after single and combined intravenous injection and oral administration. With Tyr as the internal standard, plasma samples were processed with methanol for protein precipitation, supernatant was dried with N2, and residues were re-dissolved with acetonitrile-0.05% phosphoric acid (20: 80). Chromatography was carried out on an Agilent ZORBAX SB-Aq C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 μm), with acetonitrile-0.05% phosphoric acid as the gradient mobile phase for the gradient elution. The UV detector wavelength was set at 221 nm for Gas HBA and IS and 250 nm for Pur. After the single or combined administration of Gas and Pur, their plasma concentrations in rats were detected. WinNonlin 5.2 pharmacokinetic software and SPSS 17. 0 software were used to respectively calculate pharmacokinetic parameters of each group, make a statistical analysis and compare the pharmacokinetic processes of Gas and Pur after the single or combined administration. According to the results, the absolute recoveries between low, media and high concentrations of Gas, HBA and Pur and IS as well as Tyr were more than 77.20%, with a good linearity (r > 0.999 6, n = 5) for Gas, HBA and Pur within concentration ranges of 0.10-101, 0.03-7.58 and 0.05-5.98 mg xL ('1) respectively. The lower limits of quantification for Gas, HBA and Pur were 0.10, 0.03, 0.05 mg x L(-1), respectively. Their in-ra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 12% with the accuracy between 85. 1% -1 10. %. All of the three substances and IS were stable during the whole analysis process. The findings showed significant differences in the main in vivo pharmacokinetic parame-ers in rats (AUC, C.(max) T,½ T.(max) MRT) after the single and combined administration of Gas and Pur. Either after the oral adminis-ration or after the intravenous injection, parameters showed a lower clearance rate ( L) longer mean residence time ( RT) and higher relative bioavailability, especially after the oral administration. Specifically, the relative bioavailability of the combined oral ad-inistration of Pur was 10. 7 times of that of the single administration, while that of Gas was 1. times of that of the single administra-ion. The combined administration of Gas and Pur can promote the absorption, decrease the elimination rate and prolong the mean resi-ence time. The method is simple and accurate and can be applied in the simultaneous determination of plasma concentrations of Gas, HBA and Pur in rats and the pharmacokinetic studies.

PKCα signaling pathway involves in TNF-α-induced IP3R1 expression in human mesangial cells / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to explore the effects of TNF-α on the expression of IP3R1 mRNA and protein in human mesangial cells (HMCs), and to elucidate the mechanism of TNF-α relating to IP3R1 expression in the occurrence of hepatorenal syndrome (HRS). METHODS: HMCs were stimulated by tumor (TNF-α) with 100 ng/mL for different hours (2, 4, 8, and 24 hours). The expression changes of IP3R1 mRNA and protein were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. Several inhibitors including D609, U73122, PP1, safingol, rottlerin and non-radioactive protein kinase C (PKC) were used to examine the mechanism of signal transduction of TNF-α-regulated IP3R1 in HMCs. RESULTS: The levels of IP3R1 mRNA at 2 hours after TNF-α exposure were significantly enhanced and peaked at 8 hours in HMCs (P<0.01), then descended at 24 hours (P<0.01). The levels of IP3R1 protein at 4 hours after TNF-α exposure were obviously increased and peaked at 24 hours after TNF-α exposure (P<0.01). Compared to the control group, safingol (PKCα inhibitor) and D609 (phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C inhibitor) significantly blocked the TNF-α-induced expression of IP3R1 mRNA (3.30±0.81 vs. 1.95±0.13,P<0.05; 2.10±0.49,P<0.01) and IP3R1 protein (3.09±0.13 vs. 1.86+0.39,P<0.01; 1.98±0.02,P<0.01). TNF-α promoted PKCα activation with maximal PKCα phosphorylation that occurred 8 hours after stimulation measured by non-radioactive PKC assay, and the effect was markedly attenuated by pretreatment with D609 or safingol. CONCLUSION: TNF-α increased the expression of IP3R1 and this was mediated, at least in part, through the PC-PLC/PKCα signaling pathways in HMCs.

Effect of sequential method of nourishing yin and tonifying yang on serum sex hormone levels in rats with polycystic ovary syndrome / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effect of sequential method of nourishing yin and tonifying yang on serum sex hormone levels in rats with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and to explore its possible mechanisms.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>PCOS rat models were established by injecting dehydroepiandrosteron (DHEA) subcutaneously. A total of 70 21-day female SD rats were randomly divided into seven groups, ten in each group: the normal control, the model control, the yin nourishing, the yang tonifying, the sequential method, the Westem medicine, and the combined medication. Rats in all groups were treated by gastrogavage for twelve successive days. Serum testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) were detected by chemoluminescence method. Serum androstenedione (A), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), insulin (INS), and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) were detected by radioimmunoassay (RIA).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Serum levels of A, T, and E2 were significantly higher in the model control group than in the normal control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Serum levels of A and T were obviously lower in the sequential group than in the model control group with significant difference (P < 0.01). The serum E2 level was obviously lower in the sequential group than in the model control group (P < 0.05). Serum levels of INS and IGF-I were significantly higher in the model control group than in the normal control group (P < 0.05). Serum levels of INS and IGF-I were significantly lower in the sequential group than in the model control group (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The sequential method of nourishing yin and tonifying yang can lower serum levels of A, T, E2, INS, and IGF-I, and reverse its endocrine disturbance in PCOS rats. One of its mechanisms in decreasing serum levels of A, T, E2 might be possibly through lowering serum levels of INS and IGF-I.</p>

Study Progress of Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutas——From Gene to Function / 现代生物医学进展

Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)(EC 1.15.1.1)is a metalloenzyme that is found in almost all organisms and catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide anion radical to hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen. Three unique and highly compartmentalized mammalian SOD have been biochemically and molecularly characterized to date: Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD, SOD1), MnSOD (Manganese Superoxide Dismutase, SOD2)and EC-SOD (Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase, SOD3). Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD, SOD1)is a copper and zinc-containing homodimer that is found almost exclusively in intracellular cytoplasmic spaces. CuZnSOD is widely distributed and comprises about 90% of the total SOD. Cytoplasmic and periplasmic SOD exists as dimers,whereas chloroplastic and extracellular enzymes exist as tetramers. Structure supports independent functional evolution in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. CuZnSOD are thought to protect the brain, lungs, and other tissues from oxidative stress. This paper reviewed the gene, molecular and chemical structure and biological function of CuZnSOD.

Study Progress of Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutas——From Gene to Function / 现代生物医学进展

Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)(EC 1.15.1.1)is a metalloenzyme that is found in almost all organisms and catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide anion radical to hydrogen peroxide and molecular oxygen. Three unique and highly compartmentalized mammalian SOD have been biochemically and molecularly characterized to date: Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD, SOD1), MnSOD (Manganese Superoxide Dismutase, SOD2)and EC-SOD (Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase, SOD3). Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD, SOD1)is a copper and zinc-containing homodimer that is found almost exclusively in intracellular cytoplasmic spaces. CuZnSOD is widely distributed and comprises about 90% of the total SOD. Cytoplasmic and periplasmic SOD exists as dimers,whereas chloroplastic and extracellular enzymes exist as tetramers. Structure supports independent functional evolution in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. CuZnSOD are thought to protect the brain, lungs, and other tissues from oxidative stress. This paper reviewed the gene, molecular and chemical structure and biological function of CuZnSOD.

Optimizing extraction process of Scutellaria barbata by golden section method / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To probe into the feasibility of golden section method in the optimization of the extraction process of Scutellaria barbata.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>With the determination of the content of scutellarin and total flavonoids, selecting the range of alcohol concentration in the extraction of S. barbata was determined by the golden section method and method of equal interval, and validated it by orthogonal design.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The best extraction technique is that extract 3 times with 15 times of the alcohol which concentration is 70%, and each time for 1 h.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Applying golden section method in the extraction of S. barbata is practical, which as a method of preliminary trial, indicates that golden section method can also be applied into the field of optimization of extraction process of traditional Chinese medicine.</p>

Differential expression of CD133, Glut-1 in tissues and endothelial cells derived from infantile hemangioma and vascular malformation / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expression and significance of CD133, Glut-1 and precursor cell, placental microvessel endothelial cells in the occurrence, development and regression of infantile hemangiomas.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We examined the expression and significance of CD133, Glut-1 in the occurrence, development and regression of infantile hemangiomas and congenital vascular malformation postnatal vascular malformation using immunohistochemical technique. An image analysis system (Image-pro plus 5.0) was used to measure the average integrated optical density and the rate of positive area of CD133 and Glut-i in different stages of hemangiomas and in vascular malformation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression of CD133 was significantly higher in differential stages congenital hemangioma, congenital vascular malformation, placenta chorionic villi than postnatal vascular malformation (P < 0.05). About the expression of Glut-1, there was difference between proliferating hemangiomas, placenta and degenerating hemangiomas, vascular malformation (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The precursor cells marked CD133 is the source of endothelial cells derived from congenital hemangiomas and congenital vascular malformation.</p>

A survey of sexual psychology and attitude of Chinese peace-keepers in Liberia / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the sexual psychology and sexual attitude of the Chinese peace-keepers in Liberia, attempting a correct guidance and psychological intervention in this aspect.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In the middle of the mission tour, a survey was conducted among 314 Chinese male peace-keeping soldiers with a self-designed questionnaire.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>More than 90% of the soldiers learned some sexual knowledge by themselves; quite a proportion of them were relatively deficient in sexual knowledge and lacked sexual education; 77% of them were afraid of AIDS even after sexual education. Married soldiers showed more maturity in sexual psychology than</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Appropriate psychological intervention the unmarried(P <0.05) , but with no differences in sexual attitude( P >0. 05). and guidance directed at the particulate population of peace-keepers may help them adopt a rational attitude towards their sexual drive and desire and convert, their sexual energy into further impetus to better creative performance in the peace-keeping mission.</p>

Immunological effects of polyacrylamide hydrogel injection in human body / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the immunologic changes in patients who have complications after polyacrylamide hydrogel (HPG) injection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>To compare the patients in the HPG injection group and the control group, the expressions of immunoglobulin IgG, IgM, IgA and complement C3, C4 of serum were measured by immunoturbidimetry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expressions of IgG and C3 in the injection group were lower than the control group with extremely significant difference (P < 0.01). The expressions of IgM were higher than the control group with significant difference (P < 0.05). The expression of IgA and C4 had no significant differences between the two groups. The immunologic changes had no relation to the injection doses.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Clinical application of HPG as a soft tissue filling material may cause foreign-body rejection reaction. The long-term immunologic effect of HPG needs further observation in more cases.</p>

Analysis and treatment of complications induced by polyacrylamide hydrogel injection / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the reasons for the complications of polyacrylamide hydrogel injection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>39 patients were included in this study, who had complications after polyacrylamide hydrogel injection in the breasts, nose, temproal area or depressed locus. The clinical manifestations of the complications were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Postoperative infection occurred in 5 cases, induration in 23, pain in 25, ulceration of the puncture points in 9, displacement in 6, galactostasis in 1, skin necrosis in 1, breast deformation in 3, bilateral asymmetry in 4, aseptic inflammation in 10, and skin-acne-like changes on the face in 4.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Some complications were caused mainly by incorrect manipulation and others were relative to the injected material. The applications of polyacrylamide hydrogel as a clinical implant material need further investigations. Polyacrylamide hydrogel injection should be cautiously used.</p>